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1 טורזינא
טוּרְזַיָּנָא, טַרְ׳(preced.) 1) treasury-office, armory. Ber.56a אפתחא דריש ט׳ (Ar. טרזיא, v. preced.) at the entrance of the chief treasury; (prob. to be read: דבי ט׳, דריש having come in by tautography from the suceeding ריש טורזיא.B. Bath.8a לשורא … ולטר׳וכ׳ (Ms. F. טורדינא, Alf. Ms. טורדיתא) for the maintenance of the town-wall, the horse-guard and the armory even orphans must contribute. 2) (sub. ריש) superintendent of the armory or treasury. Erub.80a ההוא ט׳וכ׳ (ed. Sonc. טורזיינא) there was a (gentile) superintendent that lived in the neighborhood -
2 טר׳
טוּרְזַיָּנָא, טַרְ׳(preced.) 1) treasury-office, armory. Ber.56a אפתחא דריש ט׳ (Ar. טרזיא, v. preced.) at the entrance of the chief treasury; (prob. to be read: דבי ט׳, דריש having come in by tautography from the suceeding ריש טורזיא.B. Bath.8a לשורא … ולטר׳וכ׳ (Ms. F. טורדינא, Alf. Ms. טורדיתא) for the maintenance of the town-wall, the horse-guard and the armory even orphans must contribute. 2) (sub. ריש) superintendent of the armory or treasury. Erub.80a ההוא ט׳וכ׳ (ed. Sonc. טורזיינא) there was a (gentile) superintendent that lived in the neighborhood -
3 טוּרְזַיָּנָא
טוּרְזַיָּנָא, טַרְ׳(preced.) 1) treasury-office, armory. Ber.56a אפתחא דריש ט׳ (Ar. טרזיא, v. preced.) at the entrance of the chief treasury; (prob. to be read: דבי ט׳, דריש having come in by tautography from the suceeding ריש טורזיא.B. Bath.8a לשורא … ולטר׳וכ׳ (Ms. F. טורדינא, Alf. Ms. טורדיתא) for the maintenance of the town-wall, the horse-guard and the armory even orphans must contribute. 2) (sub. ריש) superintendent of the armory or treasury. Erub.80a ההוא ט׳וכ׳ (ed. Sonc. טורזיינא) there was a (gentile) superintendent that lived in the neighborhood -
4 טַרְ׳
טוּרְזַיָּנָא, טַרְ׳(preced.) 1) treasury-office, armory. Ber.56a אפתחא דריש ט׳ (Ar. טרזיא, v. preced.) at the entrance of the chief treasury; (prob. to be read: דבי ט׳, דריש having come in by tautography from the suceeding ריש טורזיא.B. Bath.8a לשורא … ולטר׳וכ׳ (Ms. F. טורדינא, Alf. Ms. טורדיתא) for the maintenance of the town-wall, the horse-guard and the armory even orphans must contribute. 2) (sub. ריש) superintendent of the armory or treasury. Erub.80a ההוא ט׳וכ׳ (ed. Sonc. טורזיינא) there was a (gentile) superintendent that lived in the neighborhood -
5 Bullard, Edward Payson
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 18 April 1841 Uxbridge, Massachusetts, USAd. 22 December 1906 Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer who designed machines for boring.[br]Edward Payson Bullard served his apprenticeship at the Whitin Machine Works, Whitinsville, Massachusetts, and worked at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut, until 1863; he then entered the employ of Pratt \& Whitney, also in Hartford. He later formed a partnership with J.H.Prest and William Parsons manufacturing millwork and tools, the firm being known as Bullard \& Prest. In 1866 Bullard organized the Norwalk Iron Works Company of Norwalk, Connecticut, but afterwards withdrew and continued the business in Hartford. In 1868 the firm of Bullard \& Prest was dissolved and Bullard became Superintendent of a large machine shop in Athens, Georgia. He later organized the machine tool department of Post \& Co. at Cincinnati, and in 1872 he was made General Superintendent of the Gill Car Works at Columbus, Ohio. In 1875 he established a machinery business in Beekman Street, New York, under the name of Allis, Bullard \& Co. Mr Allis withdrew in 1877, and the Bullard Machine Company was organized.In 1880 Bullard secured entire control of the business and also became owner of the Bridgeport Machine Tool Works, Bridgeport, Connecticut. In 1883 he designed his first vertical boring and turning mill with a single head and belt feed and a 37 in. (94 cm) capacity; this was the first small boring machine designed to do the accurate work previously done on the face plate of a lathe. In 1889 Bullard gave up his New York interests and concentrated his entire attention on manufacturing at Bridgeport, the business being incorporated in 1894 as the Bullard Machine Tool Company. The company specialized in the construction of boring machines, the design being developed so that it became essentially a vertical turret lathe. After Bullard's death, his son Edward Payson Bullard II (b. 10 July 1872 Columbus, Ohio, USA; d. 26 June 1953 Fairfield, Connecticut, USA) continued as head of the company and further developed the boring machine into a vertical multi-spindle automatic lathe which he called the "Mult-au-matic" lathe. Both father and son were members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven: Yale University Press; repub. 1926, New York and 1987, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications Inc. (describes Bullard's machines).RTS -
6 Root, Elisha King
[br]b. 10 May 1808 Ludlow, Massachusetts, USAd. 31 August 1865 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]After an elementary education, Elisha K.Root was apprenticed as a machinist and worked in that occupation at Ware and Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts. In 1832 he went to Collinsville, Connecticut, to join the Collins Company, manufacturers of axes. He started as a lathe hand but soon became Foreman and, in 1845, Superintendent. While with the company, he devised and patented special-purpose machinery for forming axes which transformed the establishment from a primitive workshop to a modern factory.In 1849 Root was offered positions by four different manufacturers and accepted the post of Superintendent of the armoury then being planned at Hartford, Connecticut, by Samuel Colt for the manufacture of his revolver pistol, which he had invented in 1835. Initial acceptance of the revolver was slow, but by the mid1840s Colt had received sufficient orders to justify the establishment of a new factory and Root was engaged to design and install the machinery. The principle of interchangeable manufacture was adopted, and Root devised special machines for boring, rifling, making cartridges, etc., and a system of jigs, fixtures, tools and gauges. One of these special machines was a drop hammer that he invented and patented in 1853 and which established the art of die-forging on a modern basis. He was also associated with F.A. Pratt in the design of the "Lincoln" milling machine in 1855.When Colt died in 1862, Root became President of the company and continued in that capacity until his own death. It was said that he was one of the ablest and most highly paid mechanics from New England and that he was largely responsible for the success of both the Collins and the Colt companies.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (describes Root's work at the Colt Armory).Paul Uselding, 1974, "Elisha K.Root, Forging, and the “American System”", "Elisha K.Root, forging, and the “American System”", Technology and Culture 15:543–68 (provides further biographical details, his work with the Collins Company and a list of his patents).RTS -
7 Pratt, Francis Ashbury
[br]b. 15 February 1827 Woodstock, Vermont, USAd. 10 February 1902 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer.[br]Francis A.Pratt served an apprenticeship as a machinist with Warren Aldrich, and on completing it in 1848 he entered the Gloucester Machine Works as a journeyman machinist. From 1852 to 1854 he worked at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut, where he met his future partner, Amos Whitney. He then became Superintendent of the Phoenix Iron Works, also at Hartford and run by George S.Lincoln \& Company. While there he designed the well-known "Lincoln" miller, which was first produced in 1855. This was a development of the milling machine built by Robbins \& Lawrence and designed by F.W. Howe, and incorporated a screw drive for the table instead of the rack and pinion used in the earlier machine.Whitney also moved to the Phoenix Iron Works, and in 1860 the two men started in a small way doing machine work on their own account. In 1862 they took a third partner, Monroe Stannard, and enlarged their workshop. The business continued to expand, but Pratt and Whitney remained at the Phoenix Iron Works until 1864 and in the following year they built their first new factory. The Pratt \& Whitney Company was incorporated in 1869 with a capital of $350,000, F.A.Pratt being elected President. The firm specialized in making machine tools and tools particularly for the armament industry. In the 1870s Pratt made no less than ten trips to Europe gaining orders for equipping armouries in many different countries. Pratt \& Whitney was one of the leading firms developing the system of interchangeable manufacture which led to the need to establish national standards of measurement. The Rogers-Bond Comparator, developed with the backing of Pratt \& Whitney, played an important part in the establishment of these standards, which formed the basis of the gauges of many various types made by the firm. Pratt remained President of the company until 1898, after which he served as their Consulting Engineer for a short time before retiring from professional life. He was granted a number of patents relating to machine tools. He was a founder member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1880 and was elected a vice-president in 1881. He was an alderman of the city of Hartford.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1881.Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, 111. (describes the origin and development of the Pratt \& Whitney Company).RTS -
8 Whitney, Amos
[br]b. 8 October 1832 Biddeford, Maine, USAd. 5 August 1920 Poland Springs, Maine, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer.[br]Amos Whitney was a member of the same distinguished family as Eli Whitney. His father was a locksmith and machinist and he was apprenticed at the age of 14 to the Essex Machine Company of Lawrence, Massachusetts. In 1850 both he and his father were working at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut, where he first met his future partner, F.A. Pratt. They both subsequently moved to the Phoenix Iron Works, also at Hartford, and in 1860 they started in a small way doing machine work on their own account. In 1862 they took a third partner, Monroe Stannard, and enlarged their workshop. The business continued to expand, but Pratt and Whitney remained at the Phoenix Iron Works until 1864 and in the following year they built their first new factory. The Pratt \& Whitney Company was incorporated in 1869 with a capital of $350,000, Amos Whitney being appointed General Superintendent. The firm specialized in making machine tools and tools particularly for the armament industry. Pratt \& Whitney was one of the leading firms developing the system of interchangeable manufacture which led to the need to establish national standards of measurement. The Rogers-Bond Comparator, developed with the backing of Pratt \& Whitney, played an important part in the establishment of these standards, which formed the basis of the gauges of many various types made by the firm.Amos Whitney was made Vice-President of Pratt \& Whitney Company in 1893 and was President from 1898 until 1901, when the company was acquired by the Niles- Bement-Pond Company: he then remained as one of the directors. He was elected a Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1913.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (describes the origin and development of the Pratt \& Whitney Company).RTS
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